The K option module outputs the MCU's PWM waveform without filtering it into a DC signal. K provides six channels and K2 provides twelve. The selected module is assembled into the MPAINO product before shipment. Unlike the Y analog output module, this output is a 0–5V digital waveform; check that the receiving device accepts it.

PWM0–PWM5 on the K2 image are terminal labels on the second K module. Its additional program channels are 6–11.

K outputs use the MCU GPIO signal directly. Do not connect a load exceeding 30mA or an input requiring another voltage directly. Use a suitable external driver for a motor, solenoid, or similar load.

These are three numbering schemes for the same K outputs with different functions. analogWrite(20, 128) addresses the first K output; analogWrite(0, 128) addresses the first Y analog output. PWM(0, …) again addresses the first K output. One K and one or two Y modules can be ordered together, but K2 cannot be combined with Y. Match Arduino IDE's High-Speed Pulse Output Module and Analog Output Module options to the shipped configuration.

Three channels on one Timer can have different duty cycles, but share its frequency. The internal PWM pins change with the Y/K combination; match the program's logical channels to the product's shipped configuration.

1. Disconnect power and identify the PWM terminal and the GND in its terminal group.
2. Connect the receiving device's 0–5V PWM input and common GND according to the product's wiring diagram.
3. Do not feed external power into a PWM output or attach an overcurrent load directly.
4. Check the waveform frequency and duty with suitable test equipment before connecting the process load.

The first output of a K-only configuration receives approximately 50% duty. K's analogWrite() uses values 0–255, unlike Y's output range.

const uint8_t pulseChannel = 20;  // analogWrite number of the first K output
 
void setup() {
}
 
void loop() {
  analogWrite(pulseChannel, 128);  // Output PWM at about 50% duty
  delay(500);
}

K-only CH0 and CH1 share Timer1. Both run at 1kHz, with different duties.

void setup() {
  PWM_RESET();  // Reset K-output PWM Timer state
  FDPWM(0, 1000, 25.0F);  // K CH0: 1kHz, 25% duty
  FDPWM(1, 1000, 75.0F);  // K CH1: 1kHz, 75% duty
}
 
void loop() {
}

PWM_RESET() can reset other PWM outputs using the same Timers. Run it only when the connected load is in a safe state.

This sends 100 pulses at 1kHz and 50% duty on K CH0. NPWM() must be called repeatedly until output completes, so there is no delay() in loop().

void setup() {
  PWM_RESET();  // Reset PWM state before starting the pulse train
  NPWM_BEGIN(0, 1000, 50.0F, 100);  // Prepare 100 pulses on CH0
}
 
void loop() {
  NPWM(0);  // Advance and finish the prepared pulse train
}

• PWM() · FDPWM() · NPWM_BEGIN() · NPWM()
• X analog input · F PT100 input · Y analog output
• ← MPAINO Series options